All the while, a potent form of sectarianism appears to be calcifying well beyond the Levant.
Again, the loose Anglo-American model, where "difference" – whether of sexuality, religion or disability – is tolerated or even prized, does not apply in France, where "difference" is seen as a form of sectarianism and a threat to the republic.
Wehrey wrote that during the Bahraini uprising, the Khawalid brothers —aided by their Sunni allies, the Muslim Brotherhood and Salafists— made good use of sectarianism to delegitimize the Shia opposition and prevent any "broad-based, grassroots movement" from forming.
This changes with the rise of sectarianism.
"This is the poison of sectarianism and extremism.
Lennon, a Catholic, played for Northern Ireland and had already been a target of sectarianism.
"We're a secular TV and we're against any act of sectarianism," she said.
Notable among modern investigators of sectarianism is the British scholar Bryan Wilson.
The symbols of sectarianism are still ever present in east Belfast.
India is a nation beset by intractable problems of sectarianism and terrorism.
