Most research has focused on how different forms of punishment affect cooperation levels and when and why individuals choose to punish free riders [ 3, 7].
But it is the forms of punishment that are most shocking.
"If shaming was the most efficient method, we wouldn't have harsher forms of punishment," she said.
That includes 32 courts-martial, and 88 other forms of punishment, including reprimands and dismissal from the service.
It ordered the crucifixion of a man accused of murder; other forms of punishment include beheadings and amputations.
What has the process of making this documentary taught you about restorative justice versus more traditional forms of punishment?
The forms of punishment so inflicted are normally loss of privileges for a specified period, fines, or deprivation of liberty.
For discussion of specific forms of punishment, see capital punishment, flogging, exile and banishment, and drawing and quartering.
The article indicated that Hempstead, after being interviewed, had been threatened with solitary confinement and other forms of punishment by three corrections officers.
This week, Atul Gawande writes about the rise of solitary confinement, long held to be among the most cruel forms of punishment, throughout the United States prison system.
They have also introduced new forms of punishment aimed at corrupt officials, including lifetime jail sentences without the possibility of parole.
