We also study compactability properties for a weaker form of equivalence, called query equivalence, which allows to introduce new propositional symbols.
Our long-term goal is to develop a form of protocol analysis, consistent with standard cryptographic assumptions, that provides a language for expressing probabilistic polynomial-time protocol steps, a specification method based on a compositional form of equivalence, and a logical basis for reasoning about equivalence.
There should be effective agreements that standardize health worker remuneration, so that one initiative does not poach staff from another, although reaching such agreements may be difficult as they must take account of local labor market conditions and, especially, the need for some form of equivalence with the private sector.
The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that all forms of measurement equivalence were satisfied for each of the four groups in this study: Caucasian and non-Caucasian females; Caucasian and non‐Caucasian males; Caucasian males and females; and non‐Caucasian males.
Which leads, quite naturally, to the implications surrounding "foreign and non-domiciled ownership" – the social and political impact of the "national media" being something very different from that of, for example, the automobile industry; yet here again we have been lulled into accepting some bizarre form of commercial equivalence.
And some economists believe in a German form of "Ricardian equivalence"—the notion that consumers may be readier to spend after tax rises because an improvement in the public finances means they will not face further heavy tax increases in future.Yet none of these arguments is convincing.
Connectability of laws of different theories requires meaning invariance in the form of extensional equivalence between descriptions, with bridge principles between coextensive but distinct terms in different theories.
Theoretical evidence in the form of "Causality Equivalence Theorem" has been proposed by Chen et al. [ 21] to establish causal relationship.
Given some degree of metric invariance, a third form of measurement equivalence concerns scalar invariance, or the degree to which the items have the same predicted values across groups when the underlying factor mean is zero [ 23, 27, 29].
Thus Einstein set himself the goal of expanding the principle of equivalence to embrace all forms of 'accelerated' motion.
