The soft forms of assurance are based on liens and lines of credit.
Even these forms of assurance represent a significant burden in that they reduce the credit rating and borrowing ability of the company (Miller 2005).
In particular, the emergence of forms of assurance between vendors - such as the form of interpersonal ties - is possible without a state or professional body, albeit with increased transaction costs: 'a certain level of economic efficiency in trade can be achieved through purely private, decentralised and informal means.' (Fafchamps 2004: 170).
"KPMG did not audit those reports or provide any form of assurance on them," he said.
"Presidential correspondence," said Dennis B. Ross, who advised Mr. Obama on Iran at the White House, "is used often in negotiations as a form of assurance or clarification".
The British Cabinet is expected next week to decide what form of assurance can be extended to France against possible German aggression.
A private seller of lease rights would insist on some form of assurance of proper decommissioning, through some sort of surety bond to avoid reducing the value of the owner's land.
Rectifying these imbalances will be challenging for many of the largest players, thus creating an opportunity environment for entrepreneurial approaches that leverage technology, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence and parametric solutions, to make insurance a nimbler form of assurance in a complex world.
Hence, rather than serving as a form of assurance for the participants with respect to their own protection within the research process, it was experienced as threatening by many of our participants who expressed their concerns about having to sign a paper which they thought seemed to be unnecessary.
At the point you'd expect comfort in the form of assurances of future success or a deeper inner beauty, Musgraves shrugs: "You can't be everybody's cup of tea … Nobody's everybody's favourite / So you might as well just make it how you please".
