With a large number of researchers accepting patents as a strong indicator of R&D performance, it is important to bear in mind that when looking closer at different forms of collaborations (such as formal networking research projects) one has to consider forms of applied collaborative outputs other than patents.
Others have blamed the spectacle on a debased elite class, which historically held corridas in commemoration of royal weddings and to celebrate the graduation of doctoral students; in the latter case, graduates adorned a wall of their college with the blood of the bull, a tradition that lingers today but in the form of applying red paint, not blood.
This reply should take the form of applying a binary account of causation to problem cases such as the smoking and painting cases, and simply reading off a truth-value, whatever it may be.
That measure, the court said, was related to the Legislature's role in the process of amending the U.S. Constitution, whether that takes the form of applying to Congress for the creation of a constitutional convention or petitioning Congress to directly propose an amendment for ratification by the states.
This was usually in the form of applying evidence to their practice as a consequence of reading literature relating to their study, or of information they acquired at conferences.
In this article we elaborate a conceptualisation of mathematics for teaching as a form of applied mathematics (using Bass's idea of characterising mathematics education as a form of applied mathematics) and we examine implications of this conceptualisation for the mathematical preparation of teachers.
Yet, at the same time, these questions — and the answers provided in the form of applied tech — offer as much uncertainty as they do improvements.
