No definition for who qualified as former smoker (duration of smoking abstinence) was given.
We controlled, in the overall model, for smoking status (current, former, never), duration of smoking (continues in years; former and current smokers), lifetime intensity of smoking (continues in cigarettes/day; former and current smokers), the number of cigarettes smoked at baseline (continues in cigarettes/day; current smokers), and time since quitting (continues in years; former smokers).
Moreover, correlates differed according to the CKD phenotype: stage 1 or 2 CKD was associated with male sex, HbA1c, hypertension, and previous CVD; albuminuric stage ≥3 CKD was associated with age, former smoking, duration of diabetes, hypertension, and previous CVD; and nonalbuminuric stage ≥3 CKD was associated with age and female sex.
Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association of smoking status at recruitment, smoking intensity (cigarettes per day in current smokers; mean lifetime number of cigarettes per day in former smokers), duration of smoking, and time since quit smoking.
Two other cohort studies observed increases in risk with shorter durations of use: in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP, n=329 cases), unopposed estrogen use was significantly associated with risk (RR=1.40 for 5 years use, converted from a 1-year estimate), with similar results for recent and former long-duration users (Lacey et al, 2002).
The amplitude of the former and the duration of the latter increased with light intensity and were particularly prominent at high photopic [see definition in Materials and Methods] intensities (I>−4 log Io) (Figs. 1A, C).
According to former research the duration of partnership might have an impact on truthfully disclosing risk behaviour and serostatus [ 15].
There were no significant differences in terms of age, gender, former smoking behavior, duration of disease, FVC, or DLCO (P > 0.05).
