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Data provided by 455 travelers show the formative index works well.
To measure CMCT, we developed a formative index composed of need for control, technology innovativeness, and aesthetic appreciation.
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Because of the nature of the indicators derived from the questionnaires, a formative approach to index construction was preferred to the classic reflective approach to scale development and validation.
Formative (form).
In a formative measurement model, the index is measuring a construct which is influenced by the indicators.
Although we correlate RANKL expression increase to osteoclast activation, it is important to note that a RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio should be used as the standard index for formative and resorptive bone [ 16].
Therefore, vulnerability index is a formative measurement and the indicators chosen need not have internal correlation (ICRISAT 2006).
This suggests that metrics of note taking activity can be used as one of the indices of the formative assessment when note contents for every session are assessed.
The Power of Formative Assessment3.
The integrated vulnerability assessment approach was adopted to combine these socio economic and biophysical indicators so as to develop vulnerability indices on the basis of formative measurement model (IPCC 2007; Hahn et al. 2009; Temesgen 2010).
In the formative approach, items are causal indicators contributing to form the composite index and they may not be correlated [ 25- 27].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com