For example, Zhang (2012) uses a reflective model (RM), which consists of generalized indicators, while Bao and Zhao (2009) and Shi et al. (2012) use a formative model (FM) constructed from situational indicators instead.
For example, formative assessment will only benefit students who are motivated to achieve high performance (Kibble, 2007; Smith, 2007) and make an effort to engage and learn (Baleni, 2015).
For example, formative work with the study population indicated that a substantial minority of young adults, particularly those motivated to quit smoking, would be interested in a smoking cessation intervention delivered through Facebook [ 35].
The author employed formative measurement model.
It was not considered feasible to increase the overall assessment burden on students by increasing the number of tasks, nor to convert currently unmarked tasks, for example, the formative self-reflective critical incident analysis into a summative element.
In fact there are already examples of formative private-public partnerships coming together for this very purpose.
However, examples of formative use of PT throughout an evaluation are less common.
Examples of formative assessment include minute papers, clicker questions, peer review of written drafts, quick low-stakes quizzes before class, or online tutorials with responsive feedback.
Examples of formative assessment include feedback on essays, written comments on assignments, grades during the year that do not add to end of year mark and multiple-choice questions for feedback only [ 39].
While these examples described formative comparison of PT against ongoing delivery, all involved small-scale programmes, and the methods used to review implementation and communicate findings to the programmes were not fully described.
