For AXR3/IAA17, two such gain-of-function alleles have been described [ 39]. axr3-1 and axr3-3 plants show increased apical dominance, increased adventitious root formation, agravitropic roots, no root hairs, and epinastic petioles.
The image of ganko keitai, geese flying in formation, rooted in classical literature and once beloved of Japanese policymakers, is making something of a comeback.
These include pulpal necrosis and inflammation, reduced root formation, root resorption and ankylosis[5, 6].
They can be roughly classified into distinct mutant categories, i.e., affected in root formation, root differentiation, RAM patterning, RAM specification, initial cell behavior, and auxin-related mutants.
Those presenting caries, cracks, irregularities, anatomic abnormalities, internal or external reabsorptions, calcifications, incomplete formation, root curvature and previous endodontic treatment were eliminated.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, a model often used to investigate AR formation, rooting is induced by pre-etiolation of intact seedlings.
Lateral root formation comprises LR initiation (LRI), LR primordium formation, root emergence, and root growth where LRI is a key process of root branching (Laskowski et al., 1995; Charlton, 1996; Nibau et al., 2008; De Smet, 2012; Dubrovsky and Rost, 2012).
> > > To detect the effects of aeration on aerenchyma formation, root segments were sectioned at 1 1.5 and 2 2.5 cm from the root tip.
GRAS transcription factors usually act as integrators of multiple growth regulatory and environmental signals, including axillary shoot meristem formation, root radial pattering, phytohormones, light signaling, and abiotic/biotic stress.
In case of nodosity formation, root cells close to the phylloxera's feeding site become polyploid, whereas those at opposite to the feeding site enlarge and are filled with starch granules (summarised by Forneck et al. 2002).
