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The major source of phenotypic variation is noise or stochasticity in gene expression networks, which can directly promote the formation of population heterogeneity.
Strong selective pressure during the process of rice domestication has led to the formation of population substructure [ 48, 55, 71].
This permits a detailed investigation of the impact of geographic isolation on the formation of population structure and speciation in Galápagos biota.
This complex scenario of colonization provides an interesting opportunity to explore the swift formation of population genetic structure following a rapid expansion in geographic distribution and ecological niche.
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Cues that direct primitive ectoderm-like cells to alternate lineages, as described here, could usefully be incorporated with defined regimes for the induction of mesoderm subtypes [33], or for formation of neural progenitors [48] for the formation of populations of somatic cells in culture.
This study provides yet another illustration of the fact that the explicit consideration of spatially extended systems is important for the study of evolution, since this can significantly change the dynamics of evolution through spatial segregation and/or spatial pattern formation of populations.
Under the conditions that most frequently lead to the formation of a population bearing a novel homozygous combination of inversion haplotypes (i.e. a potential hybrid species), the derived populations experience extensive gene flow with parental species and are unlikely to be lineages that may continue to diverge over evolutionary time.
One of the changes is the formation of a population of granule cells (GCs) that mismigrate, leading to ectopic granule cells in the hilus (hilar EGCs) that exhibit periodic bursts of action potentials, and contribute to recurrent excitatory circuitry.
The problem is in reality exceedingly complex, and attention should be directed instead to the formation of the population, as it might be, for example, in a study of the origins of "the Italians" or "the French".
The interaction between brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat protein (CP) and viral RNA is a carefully orchestrated process resulting in the formation of homogeneous population of infectious virions with T = 3 symmetry.
These ejecta can contribute to a modification of the debris environment: either locally by the occurrence of secondary impacts on the components of complex and large space structures, or at great distances by the formation of a population of small orbital debris.
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