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Here, the volume of metal expresses the consumed metal volume during the formation of oxide shell in the oxidation process.
The spontaneous formation of oxide nanowires (and whiskers) from the oxidation of metals is a well-established phenomenon that has, however, long resisted interpretation.
The films displayed good oxidation resistance, owing to the formation of oxide crystallites of Cr2O3, α-Al2O3, and amorphous SiO2.
The non-protective oxidation was associated with a formation of oxide nodules and their further coalescence into a fine-grained scale of a loose structure.
This paper presents a detailed microstructural analysis of the crystallographic relationships between α-Al2O3 oxide scale and Ti2AlC parent material, and examines the atomic diffusion and formation of oxide scale on Ti2AlC during the initial oxidation stage at 1200 °C.
At high temperatures, the growth and formation of oxide layers protect the underlying coating and substrate from oxidation at elevated temperatures.
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The combined processes of solution and eluviation (soluviation) and of chelation and eluviation (cheluviation) appear to act powerfully in the formation of oxide-rich plinthite prior to duricrust formation.
The binodal and spinodal diagrams were then constructed to predict the possibility of the formation of oxide-based nanocomposites which may display hardness enhancement above that of the solid solutions.
First, Ta is more easily oxidized than Ag due to the much stronger negative Gibbs energy for the formation of oxides (Ta2O5: −760 kJ mol−1 and Ag2O: −60 kJ mol−1)39.
The formation of oxides of nitrogen is treated by a 5-independent-scalar (NO, NO2, NH3, N2O, and HCN) submechanism.
The electrochemical formation of oxides on nickel-cobalt alloys was investigated with cyclic voltammetry and ellipsometry.
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