Our finding of increased BOLD responses both in vmPFC and various medial temporal regions for predicted rewards as compared to predicted non-rewarding outcomes (Fig. 5C) are consistent with a functional role of these connections for memory formation of items which are directly associated with reward consumption.
When LSI can be assumed, any observed relationships between items in a questionnaire covariance can be assumed to be a result of the latent trait being measured rather than some other property of the items such as overlap between items or formation of items chains among items.
Consequently, it may be that the formation of intra-item object-location conjunctions relies on the MTL binding module to the same extent as the formation of inter-item between-domain associations (e.g., between a face and a name).
Processing of reliably predictable rewards activated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and vmPFC BOLD responses were associated with successful memory formation of these items.
Previous studies provide consistent evidence that reward-predicting cues enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation of these items via dopaminergic projections to the ventral striatum.
To verify whether the same vmPFC regions related to presentation of predicted outcomes are also associated with memory formation of these items, we inclusively masked the contrast of predicted vs. unpredicted outcomes with the subsequent memory contrast for predicted outcomes (at a masking threshold of p<0.05).
The formation of very large item banks for computer adaptive testing (CAT), may, in the future, allow the use of the Rasch model to develop tailored questionnaires.
The formation of the composite screening item was largely driven by the following considerations: the need for a question item that could be used by lay interviews; and the need to limit the number of questionnaire items in the survey.
The Stroke-PROM was developed in four phases: (1) conceptual framework construction and preliminary item generation; (2) formation of the initial scale by the first item-selection process; (3) formation of the final scale by an item-revaluation process based on the second item-selection process; and (4) validation of the Stroke-PROM.
According to the 'fuzzy trace view' (e.g., [ 35, 38- 41]), studying a list of related words or pictures leads to formation of 'verbatim traces,' which contain item-specific information, as well as 'gist traces,' containing the general topic of the list.
