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The formation of caries typically involves demineralization and the degeneration of the organic matrix.
In China and in other areas of the developing world, the formation of caries shows a gradual progression throughout life [ 13, 14].
Homeostatic changes of the normal oral bacterial ecology, and an overgrowth of specific bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, are the primary causal factors associated with the formation of caries lesions.
Streptococcus mutans is an oral pathogen, which along with other closely related streptococci called the mutans streptococci, plays an important role in the formation of caries and tooth decay in humans.
However, the exclusive breastfeeding rate in Nigeria is as low as 17%% [ 24], which implies that most of the children are either practicing partial breastfeeding and another few on exclusive formula feeding which promotes the likelihood of formation of caries.
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Topically applied fluorides have been successfully used to inhibit the formation of dental caries in this population.
Streptococcus mutans, which is a part of the normal flora of the human oral cavity, is considered to be the primary etiological agent in the formation of dental caries [1], [2].
The IPS provide S. mutans with endogenous source of carbohydrates which can be metabolized when exogenous fermentable substrate have been depleted in the oral cavity; as a result, IPS can promote the formation of dental caries in animals and humans by prolonging the exposure of tooth surfaces to organic acids and a concomitant lower fasting pH in the matrix of the plaque-biofilm [45] [47].
They are involved in dental plaque development and the formation of dental caries.
Therefore, we infer anaerobic bacteria may also play an important role in formation of secondary caries and we have focused on some of these anaerobic periodontal bacteria in this study.
The formation of dental caries is caused by the accumulation and colonization of oral microorganisms, especially S. mutans [ 3], which adhere to and colonize the surface of teeth, as well as to other oral bacteria that cause dental plaque disease, such as Actinomyces sp., Actinobacillus sp. and Prevotella sp. [ 2, 3].
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