They were randomly assigned to one of the six experimental conditions in a 2 × 3 factorial design with verbal modality (on-screen text procedure vs. auditory procedure) and the format of visual representation (static visual representation vs. static visual representation with motion cues vs. animated visual representation).
In particular, when external and internal representations are incompatible, either due to the specific encoding of internal representations or the specific presentation format of external representations, the task performance may be negatively affected.
In contrast, tasks that fall under the 'phonological representations' umbrella are tasks that attempt to tap and reflect the format of phonological representations more directly (at the level of specific phonetic features), with additional cognitive skills being minimally involved.
What is the format of these representations and, moreover, how can we gain insight into them?
Word meaning has played a somewhat marginal role in early contemporary philosophy of language, which was primarily concerned with the structural features of sentences and showed less interest in the format of lexical representations and in the nature of the word-level input to compositional processes.
The UNIPEN project [15] of data exchange was initiated by International Association of pattern recognition (TC-11) in 1992 with the objective of proposing a uniform format for representation and exchange of online data.
1. Kosslyn does not claim that the specific, LISP-like format of deep representation shown in figure 4.4.2_1 is psychologically real.
A Comment at the YValues level may typically be used to define the format of the representation of the YValues, e.g. which delimiter is used.
Crucially, the format of a representation can determine what information can be perceived and what aspects of the problem space are explored especially if a task is novel or involves aspects of discovery [ 15].
One of the simplest and most common data formats for representation of a tree topology is the Newick [3] parenthesis standard.
In order to provide measures of representing the problem (PR), we implemented static items with multiple-choice options, in which students had to complete concept maps or tables with different formats of structural representations of chemical substances.
