Exact(6)
The remaining of the paper formally tests this hypothesis simultaneously accounting for selection on observables and endogeneity by combining matching methods with a bi-directional identification strategy that I next describe.
Table 3 gives the values for the interaction term, which formally tests for a significant difference in the slopes (log10 numbers regressed against Year) inside and outside a given park.
Moreover, Rasch analysis formally tests requirements needed to transform ordinal scales, such as the MFI-20 [ 9, 10], into interval level measurements [ 11].
The log-rank statistic which formally tests whether the Survival Curves for each group overlap was highly significant (χ = 32.26 for >LLOQ and 29.99 for >200, p < 0.0001).
The limit of resolution of V1/2, the parameter with the largest error, was estimated with a z-test which formally tests for the difference between the mean of a population and a hypothetical mean.
An F-test, which formally tests for the difference between the variances of independent populations, was used to determine which of the fitted Boltzmann parameters (Amax, V1/2, k) had the largest variance, and thus the largest experimental error.
Similar(54)
I could find no studies formally testing one treatment against the other.
The problem was that none of these procedures had been formally tested in controlled clinical trials.
Although I've never formally tested my patient's literacy, he shows several signs that suggest a problem.
The drug is being formally tested in as many as 450 clinical trials for about 30 types of cancer.
Helmets both new and used are not — and have never been — formally tested against the forces believed to cause concussions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com