Today, this privilege, which could either be viewed as an exemption from infringement or as an exception to the variety developer's rights, has become formally conditional to elements related to national circumstances, farm size and the necessity to use the seed on the same farm, and has also been surrounded by licensing obligations (Dutfield [2008]).
More formally, conditional exchangeability states that Y (x ) ⊥ ⊥ X | C and Y (x, m ) ⊥ ⊥ M | C, X, implying no X- Y confounding conditionally on C and no M- Y confounding conditionally on C and X (30, 44).
He made ECB bond purchases conditional on countries formally requesting these purchases (through the EFSF/ESM) and abiding by a set of conditions.
Given the fractiousness of Alitalia's staff, Air France-KLM has wisely made its offer conditional on trade unions formally signing up, and was talking to them as The Economist went to press.
13As an alternative that removes moral hazard associated with UI in developing countries – both the waiting effect and the incentives to work informally during the period of benefit receipt – (Hijzen2011) suggests UI benefits in Brazil to be paid as a lump sum instead of as a monthly payment conditional on not working formally.
More formally, if for each unit the response variables are assumed to be independent conditional on the random effects and if one maintains the assumption that the units are independent, the marginal likelihood is L boldsymbol{theta})=prod_{i=1}^{n}left[int~_{i}pilambda y_{i1} left(prod_{t=2}^{T}boldsymbol{gamma}_{it}lambda y_{it})right)mathbf{1^{prime}}f xi_{i1},xi_{i2})dxi_{i1}dxi_{i2}right].
"So far as we know he has not yet been charged and obviously preparation for defence can only begin in earnest once formally charged," said Donatella Rovera of Amnesty International, "the whole thing being conditional on the courts and judiciary actually functioning, which does not yet appear to be the case".
It states that conditional on observable characteristics, treatment is as good as randomly assigned, more formally: T | X ⊥ Y 0 i (1).
In April 2013, the USDA formally proposed a further amendment that would allow US import market access for NAPPRA listings conditional on exporters' adoption of Integrated Pest Risk Management Measures (IPRMM) (US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2013).
But it cannot be conditional on fantasy.
