In a study published by The Journal of Consumer Research they note that professors dressed less formally at academic events as they gained higher status.
Mathematical ecology has been a formally recognized academic subdiscipline at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UT), since 1977.
Goodluck Jonathan, a mild-mannered academic, formally took over the presidency in the capital, Abuja, just hours before his predecessor, Umaru Yar'Adua, was buried in the northern stronghold of Katsina to chants of "God is great" from the crowd.
She therefore has a clear duty to her peers, and more importantly to the public, to present this theory clearly and formally in an academic journal, with the evidence, so that her scientific peers can assess the threat".
Hence Ben Goldacre's plea in January 2010: "If you believe that computers - which are widespread - pose a serious environmental hazard to children, then you have a responsibility to your peers and most importantly the public to present your theory clearly and formally in an academic journal, so your scientific peers can assess it".
He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.
In 2010, Goldacre issued an exasperated plea to the Baroness: "You have a responsibility to your peers and most importantly the public to present your theory clearly and formally in an academic journal".
Some medical schools take personal statements more seriously than others – while Cardiff, Leeds and Keele formally assess non-academic aspects of a student's application, other universities, including Oxford and Imperial, use them more informally to get an impression of a candidate's suitability.
The phenomenon has also been an area of academic inquiry, formally and informally.
On Wednesday, prosecutors in the Xinjiang capital Urumqi formally charged prominent Uighur academic Ilham Tohti with separatism.
