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The average formaldehyde emission factor of 6.7 μg h−1 m−2 in this study was lower than literature values (29 μg h−1 m−2 to 45 μg h−1 m−2) indicating formaldehyde source control approaches were effective.
Fig. 3 Formaldehyde source ranking in the classroom in September 2012 and in January 2013.
These days, formaldehyde source strengths are lower.
As far as liquid coating materials are concerned, acid-curing lacquers made of modified urea− and melamine−formaldehyde resins were the strongest formaldehyde source.
(91) Wisthaler et al. (90) and later Petrick and Dubowski 92) have identified oxidation reactions of squalene, which is a major component of the skin, as a directly human related formaldehyde source.
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Despite these numerous formaldehyde sources, the impact on indoor air quality is limited thanks to an efficient air exchange rate (3.3 h−1).
Residential cooking activities were also identified as formaldehyde sources.
Formaldehyde sources tend to be indoors, but outdoor sources are responsible for a median of 30% of formaldehyde exposure.
A general overview of formaldehyde sources, which might contribute to increased indoor concentrations, is shown in Figure 3.
The reason may be that the schools in Taiyuan did not have new furniture, chip board, or other obvious formaldehyde sources.
In addition to building materials and household products, we have to consider other formaldehyde sources, such as outdoor air, indoor chemical reactions, candles, cooking, gas heaters, etc.
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