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Formal sector work is often impossible, since almost all jobs require a high school graduation certificate.
Three quarters of the women (72%) were farmers and the rest were housewives (25%) with a negligible proportion having formal sector work (3%).
Moreover, it excludes all men who were laid-off after less than 30 years of formal sector work and all women who were laid-off after less than 25 years from joining the BHI.
Half of the husbands were involved in farming and the others in formal sector work such as in education or the civil service (38%), whilst some worked abroad (4%), e.g. in the Middle East or Malaysia.
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Eleven percent of parents worked in the formal sector (employment which offer regular wages and hours, which carry with them employment rights, and on which income tax is paid) whilst approximately 13%% of them were unemployed.
This time reallocation occurs whether the caregiver is primarily engaged in formal sector employment, subsistence farming, schooling, or unpaid domestic work.
Informal and formal sectors may work together by employing the scavengers and itinerant waste buyers for the formal sectors.
In the context of low levels of employment in the formal sector, gaining experience working as a health volunteer and learning skills on the job is seen as strategic for entering into professional health worker training in order to get more secure and better paid employment.
These papers focus on the specific effect of some social transfers (such as non-contributory pensions) in the considerable mobility between formality and informality and in how much to work in the formal sector and find that poor individuals choose to work informally in order not to lose some benefits.
At the prevailing wage levels, the utility of working in the formal sector increases while the utility of working in the informal sector remains constant.
Definitions of "child labour" range from including all work, including household chores, childcare and other domestic work, and wage work in the formal sector; to including only economic market activity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com