Using words that signaled the formal adoption of a presumption that the Fed would soon have to consider cutting rates -- a 180-degree turnabout from its previous position -- the committee said it "believes that the risks are weighted mainly toward conditions that may generate economic weakness in the foreseeable future".
The requirement of justification is based on moral equality; and in certain contexts, successful justification leads to the above-named principles of equality, i.e., formal, proportional equality and the presumption of equality.
While more materially concrete, ethical approaches, as described in the next section below, are concerned with distributive criteria; the presumption of equality, in contrast, is a formal, procedural principle of construction located on a higher formal and argumentative level.
By saying things like "you know what I mean", or "I'm sure you know the kind of thing I'm talking about" or "I bet you've had a similar experience", etc., you cross a line from formal discussion into informal and rather invasive presumptions about the interviewer.
Our findings support the presumption that, even in the absence of formal labor institutions, collusive norms can constrain labor supply behavior at economically meaningful magnitudes.
The outcome of those patients who left before formal discharge is unknown; however, anecdotal recollection supports the presumption that the vast majority of these had clinically improved and did not want to stay to see a doctor.
Another suggests that the ethical view underlying formal equality or careers open to talents drives one to accept a presumption in favor of equality of condition provided that those holding the short end of the stick have not made themselves responsible for this condition by their own conduct.
But in France, being placed under formal investigation does not necessarily lead to charges and does not imply a presumption of guilt.
For example, we agree that in cases where someone has been found, through a formal process, to have violated university standards of conduct, there should be a presumption against awarding new honorifics.
To rebut the presumption, the challenged attorney has the burden of showing that the practical effect of formal screening has been achieved.
For example, increasing evidence that the formal requirement that research participation must be based on 'informed consent' is largely unrealisable, and the presumption that research proceeds on this basis is a fiction, should prompt a reappraisal of the current 'rules' for negotiating participation.
