There was no formal pathway for this to occur, but the students were encouraged to seek feedback from clinicians.
In order to identify specific pathways and functional assignments involved in the response to smoking, we performed a series of formal pathway analyses.
PathText 2 is designed to read formal pathway models represented in the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) (Hucka et al., 2003) with CellDesigner (Funahashi et al., 2003) extensions.
KIFAP3, WNT4 and 7p15.2 are associated with the WNT signalling pathway; formal pathway analysis confirmed a statistically significant (P = 6.41 × 10−4) overrepresentation of shared associations in developmental processes/ WNT signalling between the two traits.
However, IPA does not contain a formal pathway for cellular senescence per se, which is essentially a stress response and varies based on the senescent trigger, i.e. genotoxic stress induced, oncogene induced, or replication induced senescence.
There are no formal referral pathways to psychiatric centers for children.
No units had a written blindness prevention plan, formal referral pathways or sufficient eye health promotion activities.
Residents of Mbazwana had to catch two public taxis to central Durban, taking about 45 min. There was also no formal electricity, pathways, or toilets in Mbazwana.
This is chiefly the case for those who are reluctant initially to seek professional help through formal access pathways, such as counsellors and GPs [ 3, 9].
