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Despite the use of well-defined formal metadata for LOs, the users of the LOs (that is, teachers and students) are facing difficulties to discover and find suitable LOs from LORs (Hyon, 2011; Dahl & Vossen, 2008; Al-Khalifa & Davis, 2007).
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Curation of such data is really only worthwhile if it is first aggregated into a larger collection, a process that is never attempted because of this formal lack of metadata.
An alternative is to use formal ontologies instead of metadata standards.
We first propose a methodology with tool support is proposed to automatically derive ontological metadata from formal software models and semantically describe them.
Given the notorious resistance to share data in neuroscience [29, 37], it may seem unrealistic to expect in the foreseeable future that those experimentalists willing to deposit their reconstructions in NeuroMorpho.Org would also agree to map their metadata to formal conceptual ontologies.
Most efforts that create an XML specification for data domains (such as gene expression data), will also produce a formal document for the metadata (XML tags) included in the specification.
Compared to the previous attempts of standardizing everyday bioinformatics formats for web-service data exchange, BioXSD offers more expressive power thanks to the extensive structured metadata including formal annotation by external biological ontologies throughout the format.
Considering the sensitivity of the information that is kept, it is not unreasonable to have a formal penalties regime introduced if metadata is inappropriately accessed by public officials.
The OntoSearch engine application relies on two related yet distinct processes: hierarchical metadata organization and formal ontological model (Fig. 2).
Formal ontological mapping of all metadata terms ensured logical validation of the underlying concepts while enabling the addition of semantic relations.
To realise the full potential of the Semantic Web in formal software development, effectively creating proper semantic metadata for formal software models and their related software artefacts is crucial.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com