The idea, Mr. Mack said, was not to set up a formal government in exile but to "lay the building blocks for a post-Saddam Hussein Iraq".
When both parties met the emperor Constantine at Constantinople in 336, Athanasius was accused of threatening to interfere with the grain supply from Egypt, and without any formal trial Constantine exiled him to the Rhineland.
But in a front seat was Lobsang Sangay, formal head of the exiled Tibetan government-in-exile, which is based in India, is loyal to the Dalai Lama and reviled by China as splittist.
Although not a formal prisoner yet, the forced exile from Baghdad was the beginning of a long process which would gradually move him into further exiles and eventually to the penal colony of Akká, Palestine (now Acre, Israel).
The promising experiments of a group of noble writers who worked within the formal Slavonic tradition were ended by exile and repression.
Venezuela announced that it had delivered to the United States a formal extradition request for a Cuban exile wanted for involvement in an airplane bombing.
But despite repeated accusations against Gülen of masterminding terror operations from his exile in Pennsylvania, no formal extradition request was submitted to the US.
But the intractability of the Tibetan problem, highlighted by an uprising of Tibetans last spring and a subsequent Chinese crackdown, has led more and more Tibetan exiles, especially younger ones, to lobby the government in exile to start a formal independence movement.
There was no ceremony, no fanfare, no formal apology as he returned from professional exile.
In a press conference Thursday, Mrs. Clinton moved the United States a step closer to recognizing the Syrian National Council, an exile opposition group, though a formal recognition is not expected in Tunis.
