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There is also partial evidence suggesting that the relationship is less pronounced for both external search and formal collaboration if firms do not draw ideas from or collaborate with competitors.
Williams's dream would be for formal collaboration and partnership between charities and the entire NHS.
Cameron is also pushing for a formal collaboration with the US on illegal online activity.
Kerry and Zarif have already acknowledged talks about other regional crises and informal coördination, if not formal collaboration.
Kerry and Zarif have already acknowledged talks about other regional crises — and informal coördination, if not formal collaboration.
Yet formal collaboration appears not to have manifested, with both sides for now being said to prefer non-aggression against one another.
There have also been reports of a visit by senior Apple executives to a BMW plant in Leipzig, fuelling rumours that the two groups may announce a formal collaboration linked to car development.
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The resolution bans "formal collaborations with Israeli academic institutions, or with scholars who are expressly serving as representatives or ambassadors of those institutions".
A spokesman for the LSE said it "is one of the most international universities in the world", with two-thirds of its students and half of its staff coming from 155 countries, as well as formal collaborations in the US, Asia and Africa.
Metrics can evaluate the available data on formal collaborations that are in any case limited, especially in terms of public, official sources.
Academic stem cell scientists were familiar with 'formal' hierarchical, bureaucratically managed projects, but less formal collaborations, that may not involve contracts, external funding, or hierarchical organisation were also common.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com