Exact(1)
Others have developed formal characterizations of equality of resources, opportunity, and outcomes and have analyzed the conditions under which it is possible to separate individual and social responsibility for inequalities (Pazner and Schmeidler 1974, Varian 1974 , 1975 Roemer 1986b , 1987 Fleurbaey 1995, 2008).
Similar(57)
The result of our formalization is a formal characterization of the distinctions that are made by a modelling language as well as how the structure of a model within this language reflects the structure of the biological phenomena it represents.
In him there also appeared the first clear separation between the formal characterization of logical laws and their semantic justification.
An exception: the military can no longer provide tactical knives – which had a somewhat misleading formal characterization as a "bayonet" that attracted public unease – that it had until recently continued sending to law enforcement.
The self-integration account of integrity takes this formal characterization of integrity a step further.
See (Fagin et al. 1995) for more on the formal characterization of logical omniscience.
His methodology was such that, following the preliminary examination of the linguistic and physical phenomena under consideration, he would advance a semi-formal characterization, one which he would subsequently subject to formal characterization using the resources of symbolic logic.
An exception is found in the work of decision theorists: within decision theory, preference is given a formal characterization, and through this formal characterization, various results can be proven.
The weakness of their position was rather that their own criterion of empirical significance resisted an acceptable formal characterization.
In this work, we provide a formal characterization of acceptability semantics directly on the ASAF, without requiring such a translation.
The paper presents a comprehensive formal characterization of the model and illustrates its capabilities in a crime data management application.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com