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National conventions include the ceremonial form of intention-veiling flattery known as "taarof," and the sacrifice of truth to higher religious imperative known as "tagieh" (The Shiites, like the Jews, have been lonely in the Middle East; lying was often a means to survive).
Most require some form of intention or knowledge on the part of the offender and this leads to difficulty in establishing liability based on available evidence.
There is a general presumption that some form of intention or knowledge (mens rea) is necessary for the commission of a criminal offence because of the impact of criminal penalties (including loss of liberty).
Sixteen percent of infants were unable to show any form of intention for the retrieval of the toy whatsoever, and only 2% of infants were able to obtain the maximum intention score.
Before turning to a different type of account in which this particular problem of circularity is (at least apparently) circumvented, it should be noted that Bratman's adherence to the 'I'-form of intentions is expressive of the individualism underlying his approach.
In contrast to the literature on collective intentionality, these accounts focus on ways of reasoning rather than forms of intention, or mental states.
Virtually all work since Davidson's conversion has followed him in acknowledging the state of prospective intention as irreducible to action, and has been led to seek unity in the forms of intention by explaining the others intentional action and intention-with-which in terms of intention-with-which intate.
The general form of such intentions is "X counts as Y in context C" or "X becomes Y in context C".
The second is a set of decisions that are made self-consciously on a rational basis or at least purposively by the group that take the form of group intentions or group choices.
Our findings show that when consumers learn that the firm conducting CSR is a small, locally-owned (in coffee shop business) that directs its action toward local beneficiaries, they demonstrate more favorable attitudes toward the action and the firm, which manifest in the form of better intentions to acquire the product as well as willingness to pay premium prices for it.
Research, primarily in health promotion contexts, provides good evidence that encouraging people to specify goals in the form of implementation intentions facilitates action, for example increasing uptake of testicular self-examination (Steadman and Quine 2004) or consumption of fruit and vegetables (Chapman et al. 2009).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com