Patents provide a wealth of information about design concepts, their physical realization, and their relationship to prior designs in the form of citations.
Shapiro gives us results of similar detective work, and he offers additional scholarly fruit in the form of citations for the first appearance of many well-known terms, slogans, and catchphrases.
The most important lesson to be drawn by researchers in transportation based on our findings is that international cooperation does pay off in the form of higher citation counts.
The pattern of citation is that of a citation cascade.
And that strikes me as a little strange, because a successful scientific career is based entirely on the approval of the scientific community, in the form of publications, citations, invitations, awards, peer-reviewed grants, leadership roles in societies and departments (okay, some of you would call that punishment), tenure, and so on.
They can and do scold, criticize, berate, mock, humiliate and threaten anyone who appears before their little fiefdoms -- parties, defendants, lawyers, witnesses, audience members -- and not merely "decorum," but the force of law (in the form of contempt citations or other penalties), compels the target to sit silently and not respond.
Medline/PubMed addressed finding what was happening in the exploding world of biomedicine in the form of journal citations, but did not provide the articles themselves.
Like Chris, the nine people attending a Stosny class recently had at least one form of reckless driving citation.
I track this by looking at detailed data on who received PhDs in the U.S. between 1950 and 2000, then relating that to the scientific output that comes out of those labs, in the form of publication and citations, but also in the form of patents and patent citations, which is a useful measure of innovation.
