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Similarly, our method can be easily extended to form a reference panel by incorporating sequences partly from the study sample and partly from an external database such as the HapMap Project or the 1000 Genomes Project.
To simulate demographic scenarios including ancient samples, we used fastsimcoal2 (version 2.1, Excoffier et al. 2013) to model several demographic histories, from which samples were taken to form a reference panel of n = 200 and a test genome to project onto the reference panel.
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We also formed a reference panel from 100 randomly chosen GHN individuals.
The list of "possible encephalitis pathogens" of relevance in an Australian setting was compiled by the authors, who formed a Reference Panel, chosen for their expertise in neurology, microbiology, and/or public health.
While SNP arrays only produce unphased alleles, statistical methods can exploit patterns of linkage disequilibrium to impute haplotypes (phased alleles) and other forms of genetic variation, based on a reference panel where both the SNPs and the imputed variation are known (a training dataset).
Imputation requires a reference panel and genotype panels.
Ninety-two additional samples were provided as a reference panel.
Increasing the number of haplotypes in a reference panel has the largest improvement when the panel is initially small.
Especially for a reference panel of size 100 individuals, the discordance rate is considerably higher than for larger panel sizes.
Having simulated a reference panel, we then simulated a GWAS dataset as the target for imputation.
Instead of constructing a reference panel with a large number of samples, it would be more cost-effective to combine the reference panel with a smaller number of samples and the genotype panel of combined data.
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