Again, the two accessions of Y. sedellus do not form a grade or clade.
If they form a grade, as shown by the COII data, the shift to Salicaceae either occurred twice, or once in the common ancestor of these two species and Y. padellus and Y. mahalebellus, resulting in either a polymorphic ancestral species for this trait or in a reversal in the common ancestor of Y. padellus and Y. mahalebellus.
The core trebouxiophyceans form a grade of strongly supported clades that include a novel lineage represented by the desert crust alga Pleurastrosarcina brevispinosa.
The core trebouxiophyceans form a grade of lineages, with several containing two or more genera and some containing a single known genus or taxon.
Hydnophora is more closely related to Favites and Pacific Montastraea spp. than Merulina and Scapophyllia, which form a grade within the clade dominated by Goniastrea.
First, it documents an 'Out of Africa' scenario for the origin of Lobeliaceae, based on the large number of small annual herbs native to Africa that form a grade just above the basal node of the family.
The only difference occurs in the sister grouping of Diploastrea heliopora (XV) and Montastraea cavernosa (XVI) (supported by all analyses except Bayesian likelihood) that form a grade in Fukami et al. [ 12].
The Betylobraconinae (sensu Belokobylskij et al. [ 17]) was not recovered as monophyletic, with the Australian Mesocentrus Szépligeti and Betylobracon Tobias instead forming a grade between Lysiterminae and Rogadinae, and with Aulosaphobracon as sister group of all of them (PP = 0.53).
Pedicularis mollis (series Molles, one species in Himalaya) and P. moupinensis (series Moupinenses, one species in SW China) loosely formed a grade (PP = 0.72) underlying a superclade consisting of clades 2, 3, 7, 8, and 13, plus P. flexuosa (series Flexuosae) and P. axillaris (PP = 0.93).
Two species, P. petelotii (series Aloenses) and P. lachnoglossa (series Lachnoglossae, one species in Himalaya), formed a grade, followed by the alternate-leaved clade 5. Clade 5 was strongly supported by the total datasets (1.00/8 6, but it was weakly supported using the nrITS and plastid datasets (Additional files 2, 3 and Table 2).
