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The Schuman Plan of May 1950 called for a merger of the western European coal and steel industries to hasten recovery, forestall competition, and make future wars between France and Germany impossible.
Far from giving rivals a "free ride", Telstra appears intent on using every trick possible to forestall competition in markets in which it does not have a natural monopoly.
To forestall competition from flippers, many plans prohibit owners from selling in the first year of ownership (or even until all sales of the developer's other units have closed).
He started it with a $7 million ad campaign, and took another precaution to forestall competition from the giants: he ordered 100 million of the little pumps from the only American manufacturers — a year's worth of inventory — paying 12 cents apiece, according to the Harvard Business Review.
In 1941, the FCC, calling for NBC to divest one of its two networks, observed that the company "has utilized the Blue to forestall competition with the Red .... Mutual is excluded from, or only lamely admitted to, many important markets".
If forced to, private companies will compete, but they much prefer to spend tens of millions of dollars buying the votes of state legislators to enact laws that forestall competition rather than spend hundreds of millions to improve their networks.
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To be re-elected, Mr. Bloomberg will need to convince Democratic voters in this overwhelmingly Democratic city that he still thinks like them, while keeping the city's Republicans contented enough to forestall any serious competition for the party nomination.
Here I'm particularly sympathetic to the argument elaborated by William Wohlforth in a 1999 essay, which made the case that unipolarity is more likely than multipolarity to keep a lid on conflicts, and that the mere fact of America's military pre-eminence tends to forestall the kinds of competition and aggression and arms build-ups that in previous eras tended inevitably toward war.
See Eastman Kodak (Section 2 is "directed to discrete situations" in which the behavior of firms with monopoly power "threatens to defeat or forestall the corrective forces of competition").
Even when viewed independently, these two prongs of Microsoft's campaign threatened to "forestall the corrective forces of competition" and thereby perpetuate Microsoft's monopoly power in the relevant market.
The law stipulates some restrictions on bidders, but they do not, in our judgment, affect competition, but are intended to forestall opportunistic behavior (e.g. the requirement of a 5% bid bond).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com