We need to be creative and find ways to reduce their dependency on the forest and subsistence hunting.
Mountainous parts of the eastern slope of the Mexican Cofre de Perote volcano have suffered great ecological disturbance due to the conversion of forest to subsistence corn (Zea mays) cropland.
That put the government on a collision course with the Baka, who depend on the forest for subsistence, hunting boars, antelope, and, occasionally, elephants.
Along with timber harvesting [6], the rapid loss of primary forest to subsistence agriculture [7] [8] ultimately represents one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity.
8, 18, 21, 22 In southeast Asia, despite improved malaria control, a major challenge for malaria elimination is the high mobility of populations in specific settings such as border regions, which are often inhabited by impoverished ethnic minorities largely dependent on the forest for subsistence, as is the case in the Vietnamese and Cambodian highlands.
Of the three different types of degradation identified, degradation that is brought about by community over-exploitation of forest for subsistence purposesc is probably the easiest to combat in many countries in the short term, for reasons that are summarized in Table 1.
The transformation of grasslands into deserts due to deforestation, encroachment into forests for subsistence farming, overgrazing, and loss of biodiversity and soil threaten the entire continent.
"They had to clear the forest to begin subsistence agriculture and the deforestation has also been caused by mining activity and large-scale logging for export," she told the high-level meeting at Lancaster House.
Through a combination of informal focus groups and satellite image analysis, Blackman and his colleagues assembled a picture suggesting that rock-bottom coffee prices corresponded with a shift from forest cover to subsistence crops during the 1990s.
Our analysis points to the interdependence of cultural practices and ecosystem services: sacred forests, crop pollination, subsistence farming, cattle economy and societal transition and purification rituals.
