The reality, say bodies like Greenpeace, is that CTOs will simply be a mechanism for allowing continued growth in pollution by the rich.Costa Rica's record in save-the-forest schemes is not brilliant.
Working with a scientific advisory board and responding to thousands of comments from citizens and interest groups, Mr. Gaffrey has published a draft environmental impact statement containing six alternative forest management schemes.
Bolivia and other Latin American countries with strong indigenous people movements accused rich countries of trying to "commodify" nature by encouraging carbon markets in the same way as forests with the UN's Redd (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) schemes.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one of the leading forest certification schemes.
REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) schemes aim to create a financil value for the carbon stored in developing nations' tropical forests.
However, additional obstacles exist in the form of opposition to plantations, some forest ecocertification schemes, and concerns about aspects of forest biotechnology, especially genetic engineering.
Finally, increased wood use and changes in the type of wood in demand may change forest management schemes too (Cao et al. 2015a, b) causing other ecological impacts.
These results indicate that large-scale tree plantation and forest regeneration schemes have limited conservation potential for large vertebrates, as they support few forest specialists and fail to attract hunters away from primary forest.
A cascading utilisation of long-lasting wood products for material and energetic substitution, for example, can contribute to reduction targets of other sectors, and by this, might have an impact on adapted forest management schemes and incentivise climate-investments.
This challenge must be addressed to improve existing forest conservation schemes, which have significant and often negative effects on the lives of forest peoples.
Forest certification schemes, state agencies such as customs offices, forest enterprises producing timber according to the principles of sustainability, and environmentally conscious consumers profit from reliable methods improving the traceability of timber and offering opportunities to identify false declarations of the origin of timber.
