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Attribution of the displacement and corresponding forest extraction to Vietnam, the source countries or the final consumers is thus debatable.
Estimation results are consistent with the hypothesis that forest access regimes affect both forest extraction behavior and other livelihood strategies.
It is achieved, however, by the displacement of forest extraction to other countries on the order of 49 (34-70) M m(3), or approximately 39% of the regrowth of Vietnam's forests from 1987 to 2006.
Residents of sanctuary forests, experiencing higher restrictions on forest use, decrease the proportion of time allocated to forest extraction and livestock activities, but compensate by increasing their time allocation to agriculture in comparison to residents of state-controlled protected forests.
The current study and the aforementioned studies argue that increases on household age have diminishing effect on forest extraction activities.
As such, this phenomenon may instil fear among some locals in their endeavour to undertake forest extraction activities.
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We surveyed the databases Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus with different keyword combinations: "Bats OR Chiroptera", "Logging", "Selective logging", "Timber extraction", "Tropic", "Forest", and "Tropical Forest".
Unmanaged forests can become managed forests if forest road construction and timber extraction commence, or if they meet other managed forest criteria.
Intense mechanization during forest harvesting and timber extraction degrades soil structure and affects pore functioning, but no studies have clearly distinguished the response of composition and functional soil properties to pine harvest in a subtropical environment.
Indonesian rain forests are among the most wildlife-rich on Earth, but its government is firmly committed to converting nearly all of their forest resources to timber extraction and oil palm plantations.
To calculate the per-hectare NPV of commercial timber on this land, we first calculated the area of suitable forest (i.e. disregarding palm swamps and secondary forest, which do not contain meaningful volumes of commercial timber) by superimposing the boundaries of each ecotourism-controlled concession onto a map of intact forest (suitable for timber extraction).
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