"These results suggest that recent forest canopy closure in northern hemisphere temperate forests has buffered the impacts of macroclimate warming on ground-layer plant communities, thus slowing changes in community composition," they wrote.
We observed that forest canopy closure even at 10 13 years was similar in stands treated and untreated with herbicides, suggesting herbicides did not shorten the seral window when palatable forages were abundant.
The percentage of forest canopy closure was estimated as the proportion of non-visible sky within an angle of 40°- 45° by the same person (S.H). in 10% categories [ 38].
The A) approximate numbers of breeding R. arvalis females, B) number of full-sib families used per population, C) coordinates (N, E), D) altitude (m), E) forest canopy closure, F) mean ± SD pond pH, G) likely acidification history, H) average temperature (°C) during March - July 2009, I) predator density (per five sweeps), J) amphibian larval density (per five sweeps), and K) pond size (m3).
The suitable-forest GIS model was created using four readily available datasets for elevation, forest type, canopy closure, and human density.
Our work suggests that a major component of our study landscape is currently entering the forest stage (canopy closure) characterized by low levels of vascular plant species richness and cover.
This could be the results of recent attempts of area closure and forest restoration, which subsequently transformed into shrubs.
Trees become more dependent on nutrient cycling within the forest ecosystem when canopy closure is reached, receiving inputs from breakdown of forest litter and the atmosphere (Carnol and Bazgir [2013]).
Forest rehabilitation after mine closure did not allow recovery of mammals in the core areas to previous levels in the FRs, as potential sources of colonisers from the FRs were removed.
Nitrification inhibitors may, however, have a role in reducing leaching on N-rich forest sites between canopy closure and harvest when N demand by the crop falls and the forest begins to lose N by leaching (Quinn and Ritter 2003), particularly in catchments where forests may be planted to reduce N leaching to sensitive waterways.
