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The articles raised questions about whether the N.S.A. separated foreign communications from domestic ones.
Established in 1934, it regulates interstate and foreign communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.
The agency was legally vacuuming up just about any foreign communications it wanted.
Communications intelligence is gleaned from foreign communications that are intercepted by other than the intended recipients.
As in the US, British privacy protection was far laxer in relation to foreign communications.
Though ThinThread was intended to intercept foreign communications, it continued documenting signals when a trail crossed into the U.S.
The legislation would also stop the NSA from searching through its foreign communications databases for identifying information on Americans.
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Section 105A of the RESTORE Act explicitly provides that foreign-to-foreign communications are totally exempt from FISA - clearly, this exception for foreigners such as members of Al Qaeda does not apply to Americans.
Many foreign-to-foreign communications pass through telecommunication "switches" on American soil, where the intercepts take place.
A ruling a month or two later — the judge who made it and its exact timing are not clear — restricted the government's ability to intercept foreign-to-foreign communications passing through telecommunication "switches" on American soil.
In response and under pressure from the White House, Congress hurriedly approved the Protect America Act, a makeshift amendment to Fisa ostensibly designed to give the government a free hand in dealing with purely foreign-to-foreign communications.
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