When separated from many other variance components, additive genetic variance was high for the ornament itself (forehead patch size, FPS treated as a male trait) but very low for female preference (mate FPS treated as a female trait).
Forehead patch size and feather UV reflectance of the males was measured.
There was further no association between digit ratios and male plumage traits (forehead patch size and UV chroma) (Table 4).
The following male traits were measured: age (one-year old or older), tarsus length, wing length, dorsal coloration, forehead patch size and feather UV reflectance.
Forehead patch size was measured from digital photographs taken in the field with a millimetre grid held next to, and at the same level and angle as the patch.
Furthermore, we did not find any correlations between digit ratios and male secondary sexual plumage traits (forehead patch size and UV chroma, e.g. Lundberg and Alatalo 1992; Siitari et al. 2002).
This indicates that a potential attempt by the female to manipulate male effort through yolk androgens does not depend on male attractiveness (as measured by UV reflectance, forehead patch size or dorsal coloration).
Criminal physiognomists used photographs, together with elaborate statistical analyses of bodily proportions of every kind — convexity of the jaw, forehead and lip size, for example — in order to isolate and catalogue anatomical signs of criminality.
"A large bump on the left hand side of his forehead about the size of a two pence piece" seen by another teaching assistant.
