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In fact, novel copies, being initially free from selective pressure because of their functional redundancy, depending on the relative forces of selection and drift may: i) remain very similar to the original copy and maintain the same function; ii) diverge and acquire a new function (neo-functionalization); or iii) lose their function and become pseudogenes (pseudogenization).
Propelled by the forces of selection and chance, the most efficient genes survived, and evolution insured that they would thrive.
The oldest inhabitants of New Guinea, who speak languages of the Papuan family, would have changed under the evolutionary forces of selection and genetic drift.
However, the forces of selection alone cannot be allowed to determine the number of organizations operating in an economy.
Evolutionary theorists argue "that the forces of selection that eliminate uncompetitive firms are a necessary phenomena that contributes to the maintenance of healthy populations of organizations" (Aldrich, 1999).
However, until now, the forces of selection that shape the phenological evolution of dioecious fig trees have been overlooked (Anstett et al. 1997; Patel and McKey 1998).
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Also, a very large population will contain a larger percentage of mutants; that is, irreversible mutations act like a force of selection, even though here the mutants are assumed to have no selective advantage.
Having established that the rice culture is likely the driving force of selection on the ADH1BArg47His polymorphism, the left question would be to explain the selective advantage of the ADH1B*47His allele.
Critics, however, point out that there does not seem to be any single phenomenon that could be identified as a "force" of selection.
Indeed, the deterministic force of selection has apparently an overriding effect over historical contingency [21].
We derive expressions for the two-sex force of selection as a function of population structure and mating pattern.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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