If the physiological processes limiting kAct in ischemic fibers were intrinsic to myosin and its enzymatic ATPase activity, force activation of perfused and ischemic fibers from Ca2+-rigor by ATP would be expected to demonstrate different rate constants.
Fibers in Ca2+-rigor were expected to bypass the potential rate-limiting effects of initial crossbridge attachment to activated thin filament regulatory units, allowing a measurement of the rate of force activation due directly to the cycling of activated actomyosin crossbridges between force bearing and non-force bearing states.
In turn, forced activation of ERK5 by ectopic expression of a constitutively active mutant of MEK5 (CA-MEK5) in SW480 adherent cultures (Fig. 1b) was associated with lower expression of genes involved in differentiation, and higher levels of stem cell markers, relative to empty vector control cells (p < 0.05) (Fig. 1c).
Actually, forced activation of Rab17, i.e., expression of a constitutive active mutant of Rab17 Rab17-Q77LL), increased the dendrite localization of Rab17 even in early stage neurons.
Therefore, forced activation of TET genes in adult RPE may promote photoreceptor phenotypes in these cells.
Finally, forced activation of Gli2 in mESCs increased their proliferation rate.
These are helpful to tune the thermodynamic driving force, activation energy and thus the reaction rate and selectivity of complex reaction processes.
Loop properties (horizontal load/deflection, vertical force, and moment-to-force ratio M/F) on both ends were measured at 100 and 200 g force activation or when moving both ends 2-mm together.
The demonstration of force activation, identification of consequent downstream events in live cells, and development of tools to study these dynamic processes in living cells are central to elucidating the role of α-catenin in cellular mechanics and tissue function [2 10].
Forced activation of the ATF6 UPR branch reduced infarct volume and improved functional outcome at 24 h after stroke.
Forced activation of the hedgehog pathway in ubiquitous fashion resulted in increased matrix deposition in the fracture callus.
