The one positive outcome of the forced population movements is that Kazakhstan has one of the most ethnically diverse populations in the world.
In the early part of the 20th century, forced population shifts were not uncommon, as multicultural empires crumbled and nationalism drove the formation of new, ethnically homogenous countries.
Kazakhstan seemed a vast and fractious place that had suffered greatly from forced population-movements and the collectivisation of its pastoralists.
(That is hardly a far-fetched scenario; a National Intelligence Estimate on Iraq issued in January 2007 by American intelligence agencies warned that the quick withdrawal of all American forces would probably lead to "massive civilian casualties and forced population displacement").
In both instances, the Indonesian military used the same harsh techniques, including forced population movements, coercion of locals into security forces, stringent curfews, and even lethal pressure on civilians to take the government side.
A National Intelligence Estimate on Iraq that was issued in January 2007 by the United States intelligence agencies also warned that the withdrawal of American troops over the ensuing 12 to 18 months would probably lead to "massive civilian casualties and forced population displacement".
It recognized that forced population movements (whether induced by disasters or conflicts) and efforts to address them can result in hazard exposure and vulnerability, and called for the management of their risk outcomes.
A June 25 editorial in the Herald Sun examining family planning in general concluded that Feng "personifies the end game of forced population limits".
The war has been marked by forced population displacement because of attacks on civilians by the LRA, and the government ordering civilians to leave their homes and move to government established camps.
The effect is to force populations to flee, punish civilians seen as partisan, reward irregularly paid arms bearers, secure resources and shatter community cohesion.
