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In traditional water treatment, carbon was used as adsorbent to removal impurities from water by an adsorption process without the help of driving force of electrical field.
When the extra voltage was applied between the photoelectrode and counter electrode, the intrinsic electron in the CdS QDs would transport along a certain direction under the force of electrical field, which caused the dark current.
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Physics-inspired algorithms employ basic principles of physics, for example, Newton's laws of gravitation, laws of motion and Coulomb's force law of electrical charge discussed earlier in the paper.
Electromagnetic force, which was generated by the Lorentz force of an electrical equivalent circuit, was used to drive the liquid sodium.
The pressure built up on the feed side is generated by the hydraulic performance of the pump, which again is proportional to the axial rotation of the impeller, which requires the force of the electrical motor.
These chemical bounding forces are of electrical or quantum origin, and at distances larger than the mean free path they become less important when compared with the kinetics associated with the molecular motion.
In rupture adhesion processes, instead of viscous forces, some kind of electrical forces are supposed to be dominant.
In the classical Derjaguin Landau Verwey Overbeek (DLVO) theory, the agglomeration of nanoparticles is determined by the sum of the repulsive electrostatic force (the interaction of electrical double layer surrounding each nanoparticle) and the attractive van der Walls force [46, 47].
This platform enables the storage and release of picoliter-sized droplets in two different carrier oils by using hydrodynamic forces without the need of electrical forces or optical actuators.
They infer that the Lorenz force (the combination of electrical attraction/repulsion and an electrical charge's interaction with a magnetic field) must play a leading role in resisting motion.
Alignment of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in liquid crystalline (LC) polymer matrix imparting orientation to the nanotubes along the nematic director was studied by atomic force microscopy, measurements of electrical conductivity and Raman spectroscopy of the composite in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the nematic director.
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