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The researchers say the undisturbed nature of the rocks below it shows that it could have been caused only by a force from above -- that is, a meteorite.
If you had a 10kg object, for example, and you wanted to lift it 10m in the air with a rope, you'd have to apply 10kg of force from above, and pull in 10m of rope.
However, in this case cells were subjected to physical force from above, because PFD was placed on top of culture.
The entire history of commercial television suddenly appears to have been a Stalinist plot erected, as it has been, on force from above rather than choice from below.
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It seems to evoke 1970s New York, with episodes of cop-show funk (Midnight Meet the Rain), bustling Latin percussion (Forces from Above) and jazzy horns that swarm like hot-tempered traffic.
In this paper, the strength of the PRE in ionosonde data is examined, and the potential influence of the geophysical activity (i.e., "forcing from above") is explored.
Efforts are needed to filter out non-EQ-related forcing from above and below the ionosphere to identify the precursor signal, which is difficult because the ionosphere changes even under quiet conditions.
Therefore, the possibility that the enhanced PRE on the evening of 28 July 2014 was caused by PPEFs, or any other forcing from above for that matter, can be rather confidently ruled out.
However, ambiguities in the symmetry or asymmetry of the ionosphere changes in the conjugate hemispheres will likely remain, because processes in the ionosphere are governed not only by plasma interchange along field lines but are also greatly affected by forcing from above and below on local and regional scales.
The connection between geomagnetic activity (i.e., forcing from above) and the PRE strength can be placed into two categories: eastward electric fields that enhance the PRE (upward (vec {E}times vec {B}) drift) and westward electric fields that suppress the PRE (downward (vec {E}times vec {B}) drift).
Descent of air from stratosphere to troposphere in Antarctic winter is proposed to be feasible, because of forcing from above by subsidence plus wave-breaking, together with suction from below to resupply the katabatic winds which flow down the slopes of the Antarctic Plateau in the boundary layer.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com