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This leads to apply non-equilibrium condition in which, mass transfer phenomena, in addition to the concentration diffusion, will be a function of pressure diffusion, external force diffusion and thermal diffusion (Bird et al. 2002).
One strategy to force diffusion barriers is to increase the fraction of dissolved oxygen with hyperoxia.
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Using a specially designed Forced Diffusion flux chamber, we logged the first year-round record of soil surface CO2 flux in Hidden Valley.
In this study, we describe a Forced Diffusion (FD) dynamic chamber, in which a gas permeable membrane passively regulates mixing of atmosphere and soil air in the chamber, in place of the active pumping system inside a regular dynamic efflux chamber system.
A Langmuir isotherm model has been assumed and chemical potential gradient is considered as the driving force for diffusion in order to represent the concentration dependence of crystal diffusivity.
The activity gradient provides the driving force for diffusion and interfacial mass transfer.
Our results show that for a given chemical, a lower solution freezing point provides a larger driving force for diffusion and results in faster melting.
The particle motions for spheres are governed by a familiar Langevin equation which models drag force and diffusion.
This seemingly paradoxical result occurs because doubling the pressure also doubles the concentration, according to the ideal gas equation of state, and hence doubles the concentration difference, which is the driving force for diffusion.
Consequently, as long as the permeating gas has a composition different from that of the atmosphere, there is a driving force for diffusion of atmospheric gases towards the membrane.
This lends support to the proposition that the gradient of chemical potential should be regarded as the 'natural force for diffusion'.
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