Exact(2)
At the landscape level, both nesting and foraging results suggest that crossbills may respond negatively to fragmentation of the pine forest.
As previously outlined [ 11], because precocious foraging results in premature death, and because Nosema infected workers may have greater levels of extrinsic mortality due to other aberrant behavioral or physiological symptoms of infection, Nosema infected colonies face additional energetic costs of rearing replacement workers, who may also forage prematurely.
Similar(58)
Throughout the summer months N. coriiceps spent a considerable proportion of its time foraging, resulting in a growth rate (Gw) of 0.18±0.2% day−1.
Instead, CORT chicks foraged with a greater number of flock mates and were less choosy with whom they foraged, resulting in more central network positions.
Here we hypothesize that the auditory demands of percussive foraging resulted in a receiver bias that precluded the evolution of lower-frequency contact calls.
Extrapolated to a risk-uniform landscape level, foraging effort results in a landscape with high and isolated peaks while other options remain untouched (Fig. 1B).
However, during foraging the results were not so consistent.
In our data, foraging bouts resulting in negative foraging rates varied considerably in length (range 3 338, median = 52 minutes; n = 59), and made up only 5 of the 9 (56%) bouts shorter than 10 minutes.
Throughout all habitats, 30% of foraging flights resulted in a captured insect (Kepler 1972).
Meagher (1993) expressed concern that energy saved by bison traveling on packed snow, in combination with better access to foraging habitat, resulted in enhanced population growth and increased movements to boundary areas.
Furthermore, directing the echolocation beam downwards during foraging would result in more on-axis clicks, which tend to have a higher received level and higher center frequency.
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