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When the marker is present in both grandparents, the linkage phase is determined by the software based on co-segregation in the F2 with markers for which linkage phases are known.
However, no statistical significance for QTL affecting growth-related traits was found in SA-RH11 the corresponding LG of European sea bass (DL-LG1) for which linkage to growth has been shown by Chatziplis et al. [21].
The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), a mountain ungulate inhabiting western North America [ 13], is one species for which linkage map construction using free-living individuals is possible.
Though the sex determination systems of fish are variable, most fish species for which linkage maps have been developed exhibit male heterogamety.
Currently, the fusion we document in Lucania (between chromosomes that are syntenic to medaka 3 and 11) is unique among related fish species for which linkage maps exist.
Patient 4 is the proband of a consanguineous Iranian family with recessive deafness, for which linkage to the OTOF locus has been proven.
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To obtain pure Lys-linked polyUb, the other linkages assembled by AREL1 have to be removed, for which linkage-selective DUBs are required.
The definitions of death and deprivation differed between databases and to assess sensitivity to this we repeated the analyses, with the CPRD sample restricted to practices for which linkages to patient-level IMD scores and Office for National Statistics (ONS) official death dates were available (58% of practices covering 60% of patients).
Sex-specific haplotype frequencies for the three SNPs were estimated for males and females, from which linkage disequilibria were estimated and tested with results given in Table 1.
It is possible that in this study, HLA-DRB1*03 may be a marker for a different allele in which linkage disequilibrium is shared.
In general, the most efficient way to study the linkage of a given target gene in a mapping population for which no linkage map is available is to start with a high-density linkage map.
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