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Next, seven of these sequences for which deleterious phenotypes (e.g. lethal, paralyzed, movement abnormal, etc).
This feature has been employed as described in the two in silico workflows (Figure 1) and resulted in the identification of 72 potential target proteins in the S. mansoni predicted proteome (Table S1) for which deleterious phenotypes were identified for the respective orthologs in both C. elegans and D. melanogaster.
Similarly, gene-disease associations from The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM [ 18] provide another cohort of genes for which deleterious mutations are associated with phenotypic consequence.
In the past, customised mating programs have focused on genome-wide inbreeding [ 31, 50] but, with the availability of genomic data, information on the genomic locations for which deleterious recessive alleles segregate, could be used.
One especially intriguing case is that of norovirus, for which punctuated antigenic evolution has been documented (Lindesmith et al., 2008, 2011) and for which deleterious mutations along with differential binding to histoblood group antigens may contribute to fitness variation (Donaldson et al., 2008; Lindesmith et al., 2008).
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This is especially true for scenarios in which deleterious and protective variants are present.
As for the diffusion of deleterious mutations in the population, an interesting hypothesis is proposed in [ 61], in which deleterious mutations can influence female preferences.
Expression of miR-21, miR-29b, miR-34a/b/c, miR-155, and let-7a was determined from 639 IALT (the International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial) patients with NSCLC, finding no significant association between any of the tested miRNAs and survival, with the exception of miR-21 for which a deleterious prognostic effect of lowered expression was suggested [ 177].
These data are consistent with genetic variability and human complex phenotypes, for which rare, deleterious mutations (e.g., deletions, nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions) have a strong impact on the function of a protein, and common, conservative polymorphisms (e.g., intronic, synonymous amino acid changes) lead to more subtle changes.
This may result in the identification of patient groups for which hypercapnia may have deleterious effects and should be avoided.
Batada and Hurst showed in yeast that genomic domains that enable low noise act as sinks for essential genes, for which noise is more deleterious than for nonessential ones [ 67], suggesting an evolutionary pressure for shaping low-noise genomic domains.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com