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In the early 1920s Rugg published articles in which he called for the different branches of the social studies history, geography, economics, and political science to be taught as part of an integrated, coherent program that would be more meaningful for students and less burdensome for teachers.
Source references for the different branches, including the current study, are at the top of the figure.
41 Bootstrap supports for the different branches were computed.
The rates of fixation of chromosome rearrangements varied for the different branches across the phylogenetic tree, with periods of chromosomal stasis versus evolution (Table 1).
With these trios, for which phylogenetic relationships are obvious, we performed codon-based analyses of the relevant ORFs to establish the specific rates of non-synonymous vs. synonymous changes for the different branches (see details in Methods).
The estimates of dS for the different branches and for the 10 mitochondrial genes were relatively high and widely variable, so these estimates are likely to have large standard errors.
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Small populations are prone to genetic drift and "founders effects," such as transmission bottlenecks; the combined effects of geographic isolation and small population size are the most likely explanations for the different branch lengths for each of the Peruvian clades.
We performed analysis of models allowing all branches to have different ω values and we also placed different constraints on the different branches, particularly for branches labelled A and B;: ωA, ωB, ω0.
However, for all the above mentioned programs the different branches of large families (i.e. >35 40 bits) need to be analyzed separately.
For that, GO format text files for the three different branches were used, they were obtained from the Gene Ontology site [ 74].
Trees were obtained using BEAST with either 'strict' or 'relaxed' clocks so that the effect of this difference on dating could be assessed; for the 'relaxed' clock the rates for different branches were distributed according to a lognormal distribution.
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