To get a taste of what this challenge may look like consider the following hedonistic reply to Ross's argument for the idea that virtue is intrinsically valuable.
The influence of Socrates on Zeno was mediated by the Cynics, but Roman Stoics particularly Epictetus regarded Socrates as the paradigm of sagacious inner strength, and they invented new arguments for the Socratic thesis that virtue is sufficient for happiness.
He credited the British for never having denied that virtue has value on its own; for never having made it just an instrument of happiness.
In the "Protagoras", for example, he argues that virtue cannot be taught but in the "Meno" that it can.
For dessert, after all that virtue, Gonzalez made his famous iced Mexican mocha, prepared with condensed milk, mint, and a hint of Aleppo pepper, as well as a moist, luscious sweet-potato cake, encrusted with pecans.
Against the "monkish" preference for humility, Hume emphasizes that virtue itself can be a just cause of pride, one that becomes all the more powerful as our passions reverberate socially through the mechanism Hume calls "sympathy".
She was kind enough to spell out her name for the clerk, noting that "Virtue" is spelled with a "V" as in Vegas.
In our memory of the civil rights movement, for example, we presume that virtue, rather than desperation, was its guiding light.
Though she despises the Christian calculus of sin, salvation, heaven and hell, she teaches him that virtue, practiced for its own sake, will prepare the soul for understanding, thus its ascent to the divine.
This is particularly true for astrocytes that, in virtue of their specific morphology, play a crucial role in the regulation of iron flow from peripheral blood to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but may as well control iron concentration in the synaptic environment [6,40,41].
