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Evidence for such transdifferentiation, however, is lacking.
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However, the criteria for judging such transdifferentiation have been incomplete in many studies, often relying on genetic expression studies and morphological changes, rather than definitive proof of neuron-like characteristics such as synapse formation and appropriate electrophysiological properties.
However, there are controversial arguments regarding a failure to document such transdifferentiation or a very low frequency of islet β cell differentiation [2].
Intriguingly, such transdifferentiation has also been demonstrated in in vitro cultures without genetic manipulation, using only microenvironmental changes [ 18- 21].
Based on the findings above and early evidences in zebrafish we hypothesized that the HSkMCs can be a good resource for endothelial transdifferentiation. First, the time course of CDH5 induction by ETV2 was investigated.
Thus GCs might be useful for studying transdifferentiation of mammalian cells.
The Fsp1-Cre:R26RtdTomato MEFs, which indeed express tdTomato, were induced for cardiac transdifferentiation with CRFVPT.
Further studies are necessary to identify both the length of the time window for the transdifferentiation and the appropriate stimuli.
Apparently, fibroblast cultures should be similar to MSC cultures as a feasible source of cells for hepatogenic transdifferentiation.
Muscle progenitors are an appealing candidate for osteogenic transdifferentiation, as cultured myoblasts readily adopt a bone cell phenotype upon treatment with the osteogenic BMPs [ 15, 16].
Moreover, progesterone-mediated downregulation of WNT7A gene expression may be essential for the transdifferentiation of endometrium during its transition to the secretory phase [ 26].
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