For subsequent exposure periods (>5 min), acidic peptide detection decreased.
Stimuli that control pro-IL-1 β expression are, however, generally inefficient as secretion stimuli, but render the cell 'primed' for subsequent exposure to more secretion competent stimuli.
For instance, transient exposure to subactivating concentrations of IFNα or IL-6 primes primary human monocytes for subsequent exposure to IFNγ, resulting in enhanced interferon regulatory factor 1 and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase gene expression in a STAT-1-dependent manner [ 67, 68].
"The first time that your brain experiences a stimulus, it devotes attention to it, but then for subsequent exposures, it relies on memory, and the response is far less," he says.
This is analogous to our immune system, which also "remembers" intruders: If you have had measles once, you won't get it again because the first exposure preps the immune system for subsequent exposures.
Since T-cell immunity is elicited under the cover of passive antibodies, the youngest infants benefit from the synergistic protection mediated by maternal antibodies and their own capacity to develop sensitized antiviral T-cells, which prime for subsequent exposures to the viral antigens.
Based on these studies, an EO concentration of 10 μM was used for subsequent exposures.
Accordingly, for subsequent exposures to mixtures, water samples were collected only at t = 0. Throughout this article, pesticide exposures are reported in terms of nominal concentrations.
In the present study, we first determined the kinetics of resolution of inflammation after a single Cr VI) exposure to establish an optimal time course for subsequent exposures.
These innate cells are required early for host survival and bacterial clearance [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [18], while development of adaptive immunity and immunologic memory requires lymphocytes such as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the latter being crucial for long-term protection from subsequent exposures.
High microbial diversity means that immunity after natural infection is often ineffective for prevention of disease on subsequent exposure, for example in HIV infection and malaria.
