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This structural color is similar in concept to that seen in the spider's namesake, the peacock, whose feathers sport miniscule indentions for scattering light.
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Leaf tissue somewhat compensates for this by scattering light outward, helping to illuminate other leaves.
In this case we can define a radiance LExc r,s) which describes the light distribution of excitation at wavelength λExc and a radiance LRaman r,s) for Raman scattered light with the Stokes shifted wavelength.
The DRS apparatus consisted of a HL-2000 OpticsOptics deuterium tungsten halogen lamp for skin illumination, a broadband spectrophotometer (USB 2000 light detector; BWTEK, Inc., USA) capable of detecting absorbance in the wavelength range 350-850 nm, a bifurcated fiber optic probe for light delivery and scattered light collection, and a computer.
IR instrumentation is usually less complex than devices for Raman spectroscopy that measure scattered light.
This method based on a CCD camera, is very well suited for measuring in-plane MEMS vibration since it does not require surface roughness for scattering the light as with the speckle methods (for example).
An incidence radial model and a linear source spherical emission (LSSE) model with a Monte-Carlo approach to account for scattering of light have been used for the light intensity distribution.
For the case of multiple scattering, light diffusion takes place 107 when the scattering strength is weak.
A planar on-chip solution for forward scatter light is difficult to achieve, however some successful chip-based solutions have been demonstrated.
For instance, Kelly et al. used the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method for solving Maxwell's equations for light scattering from particles of arbitrary shape in a complex environment [12].
In vertebrates, the light-sensitive cells are in the back of the eye and must compensate, at a cost, for light scattering through the lens and other nearby cells.
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